"Tenses" in English Grammar with Examples for Competitive Exams

A tense is a form of a verb which is used to indicate the time, and sometimes the completeness, of an action in relation to the time of speaking. The origin of the word tense is the latin word temps, which means time. In simple word's, we can say that the tenses are a method which is used to refer to time. Past, present and future tense tells you when the action happens.

There are three main tenses:-

1. Present Tense
2. Past Tense
3. Future Tense

Each main tense is divided into subtenses like

1. Simple
2. continuous
3. Perfect
4. Perfect continuous tenses

Let's have a look at the following table.

Now let's discuss the usage of tenses. I Mean when where and how to use tenses.

usage of tenses

Present Simple Tense

1. To express a habitual action 

• I get up every day at six o'clock. 
• She drinks tea every morning.

2. To express general truths

• Honey is sweet.
• The sun rises in the east.

3. Actually taking place in the present

• Here comes the bus.
• There she goes.

4. Scheduled events in the near future

• The train leaves at 5.40.
• The match starts at 8 o'clock.

Present continuous Tense

1. For an action going on at the time of speaking 

• She is singing now.
• The boys are playing hockey.

2. For a temporary action which may not be actually happening at the time of speaking 

• I am reading 'David Copperfield' but I am not reading at this moment.

3. For an action that has already been arranged to take place in the near future

• I am going to the cinema tonight.
• My uncle is arriving tomorrow.

Present Perfect Tense

1. To indicate completed activities in the immediate past (with just)

• He has just gone out.
• It has just struck ten.

2. To express past actions whose time is not given and not definite

• Have you read 'Gulliver's Travels'?
• I have never known him to be angry.

3. To describe past events when we think more of their effect in the present than of the action itself

• Gopi has eaten all the biscuits.
• I have finished my work.

4. To denote an action beginning at some time in the past and continuing up to the present moment

• I have known him for a long time.
• We have lived here for ten years.

  Present Perfect Continuous Tense

1. The Present Perfect Continuous is used for an action which began at some time in the past and is still continuing

• He has been sleeping for five hours(and is still sleeping).
• They have been building the bridge for several months.
• They have been playing since four o'clock.

2. This tense is also sometimes used for an action already finished. In such cases, the continuity of the activity is emphasized as an explanation of something.

• 'Why are your clothes so wet?' - 'I have been watering the garden'.

Past Simple Tense

1. The Past Simple is used to indicate an action completed in the past. It often occurs with adverbs or adverb phrases of past time.

• The steamer sailed yesterday.
• She left school last year.

2. Sometimes this tense is used without an adverb of time. In such cases, the time may be either implied or indicated by the context.

• I learned Hindi in Nagpur.
• Babar defeated Rana Sanga at Kanwaha.

3. The Past Simple past is also used for past habits.

• He studied many hours every day.
• She always carried an umbrella.

 Past continuous Tense

3. The Past Continuous is used to denote an action going on at some time in the past. The time of the action may or may not be indicated.

• We were listening to the radio all evening.
• It was getting darker.

2. This tense is also used with always, continually, etc. for persistent habits in the past.

• He was always grumbling.

Past Perfect Tense

The Past Perfect Tense is used show an action which was over at a past time.

• The train had left before we reached the station.
• I had finished my work before the guests arrived.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

The past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to show an action started earlier and was going on up to a particular time in the past.

• When I joined the college Mr.Shah had been teaching there for three years.
• When I met him he had been painting a picture for three days.

Future Simple Tense

1. The Future Simple Tense is used to talk about things which we cannot control. It expresses the future as fact.

• I shall be twenty next Saturday.
• It will be Diwali in a week.
• We will know our exam results in may.

2. We use this tense to talk about what we think or believe will happen in the future.

• I think India will win the match.
• I am sure Gopi will get the first class.

Future Continuous Tense

1. The Future Continuous Tense to talk about actions which will be in progress at a time in the future.

• I suppose it will be raining when we start.
• This time, tomorrow I will be sitting on the beach in Singapore.

2. This Tense to talk about actions in the future which are already planned or which are expected to happen in the normal course of things.

• I will be staying here till Sunday.
• He will be meeting us next week.

Future Perfect Tense

The Future Perfect Tense is used to talk about actions that will be completed by a certain future time.

• I shall have written my exercise by then.
• He will have left before you go to see him.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used for actions which will be in progress over a period of time that will end in the future.

• By next March, we shall have been living here for four years.
• I will have been teaching for twenty years next July.

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RRB Recruitment 2016 for 18252 Graduate Posts

Railway Recruitment Board (RRB)  has recently published a notification for 18252 posts for any graduate category. Its really good news for all the Government job aspirants. Below are the important details of notification.

Last date to apply 25/01/2016.

Post & Vacancy

1. Commercial Apprentice (703 post)
2. Traffic Apprentice (1645 post)
3. Inquiry cum reservation clerk (127 post)
4. Goods Guard(7591 post)
5. Junior account Assistant cum typist (1205 post)
6. Senior clerk cum typist (869 post)
7. Assistant station master (5942 post)
8. Traffic Assistant (166 post)
9. Sr. Time Keeper (4 post)

Tentative examination dates are in MAY 2016,  so prepare hard, and grab this opportunity to join Indian Railways.

Visit any RRB website for detailed notification and link to apply. Remember to apply from your state's RRB.

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IBPS IT Officer One-Liners (Part-8) Last Part

We are proud to complete this series on one-liners for IBPS IT Officers. In this 8 part series we presented you 424 technical one-liners that will be useful to you in solving MCQs. You can also refer these one liners for another exams which have similar syllabus like Railway Recruitment Board(RRB) posts for Computer/IT Officers.

1.  In Dos, the “Label” command is used to display the label of disk
2.  SRAM uses a clock to synchronize a memory chip’s input and output signal
3.  Commercial TV is an example of distributive services with user control
4.  “.TIF” extension name stands for tagged image format
5.  A cluster represents a group of sectors
6.  Peer to peer means computer to computer
7.  Digitizers can be converted from “dumb” to “smart” through the addition of a microprocessor
8.  The server on the internet is also known as gateway
9.  Half-duplex transmission techniques let computer to alternatively send and receive data
10.  VBScript can perform calculation of data
11.  In the datagram approach to packet switching, each packet of a message follows the same path from sender to receiver
12.  Flow control in OSI model is done by transport layer
13.  Storage that retains its data after the power is turned off is referred to as non-volatile storage.
14.  Most appropriate data structure in C to represent linked list is array
15.  Kernel is the only art of an operating system that a user cannot replace or modify
16.  A slow memory can be connected to  by using READY
17.  The storage capacity of a CDROM is 700 MB
18.  DMA module can communicate with CPU through cycle stealing
19.  In C++, predefined functions are organized into separate libraries
20.  A series of instructions that tells a computer what to do and how to do it is called a program
21.  RFC stands for request for comment ( another one is Radio Frequency Communication)
22.  For communications, wide area networks use special purpose telephone wires and fiber optic cables and microwaves
23.  A microprocessor is a processor with a reduced instruction set and power requirement
24.  A multithreaded program uses multiple processes
25.  The word size of a microprocessor refers to the amount of information that can be stored in the byte
26.  HTTP in URL stands for hyper text transfer protocol
27.  Digital signatures use encryption for authenticating
28.  Six types of heading are available in HTML
29.  Workstation is single user computer with many features and good processing power
30.  Analog-digital conversion type needs sampling of a signal
31.  Mainframes network where a huge computer does all computing and front end PCs are dumb terminals
32.  In OSI model reference, layer 2 lies in between the physical layer and the network layer
33.  A CPU has two modes- privileged and non-privileged. In order to change the mode from the privileged to the non-privileged, a software interrupt is needed
34.  We can define hypertext definition in notebooks using Macsyma .
35.  Mother board holds the ROM, CPU, RAM and expansion cards
36.  FOXPRO is a package and programming language
37.  Program of a computer presented as a sequence of instructions in the form of binary numbers is called machine language
38.  In html coding <p> …… </p> tag is used to display a paragraph
39.  FSK is most affected by noise
40.  Intensity of sound is called amplitude
41.  Top-bottom approach can not be the measure of network traffic
42.  A compiler breaks the source code into a uniform stream of tokens by lexical analysis
43.  A 8-bit microprocessor must have 8 data lines
44.  Macro is used to automate a particular task or a series of tasks
45.  Machine language programs are machine dependent
46.  The liquid crystal display works on the basis of the relation between polaristion and electric field
47.  A database management system is a software system used to create, maintain and provide controlled access to a database
48.  In a relational database, table is a data structure that organizes the information about a single topic into rows and columns
49.  Data integrity means that the data contained in the database is accurate and reliable
50.  In UNIX, command “! $” is used to repeat entire less command line
51.  LRU is a page replacement policy used for memory management
52.  In C++ coding, Cout<<”tent”; is used to display character or strings or numeric screen
53.  Magnetic tape is not practical for applications where data must be quickly recalled because tape is a sequential access medium
54.  X.25 LAPP uses a specific subset of HDLC protocol
55.  A set of devices or combination of hardware and software that protects the systems on one side from system on the other side is firewall
56.  VRML code is based on Unicode
57.  The binary number system has a base 2
58.  High-level languages are developed to allow application programs, which are machine independent
59.  PCI bus is often called as mezzanine bus
60.  In C++ programming, the command to save the program file is F3
61.  A CPU has a 16-bit program counter. This means that the CPU can address 64 K memory locations
62.  COBOL stands for common business oriented language
63.  Data on a floppy disk is recorded in rings called tracks
64.  A topology of computer network means cabling between PCs

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IBPS IT Offcer One-Liners (Part-7) Download Pdf

1.  A watch point is associated with debugger
2.  The result of arithmetic and logical operations is stored in an accumulator
3.  Checking that a pin code number is valid before it is entered into the system is an example of data validation
4.  Building a list in a backward manner, a new node is always inserted at the beginning of the list
5.  A unique number assigned to a process when the process first starts running is PID
6.  Row-level security is the most basic part for database security
7.  For multiple branching in ‘C’ we use switch statement
8.  A computers system’s clock speed is measured as frequency
9.  The number of wires in IDE Hard Disk cable are 16
10.  During the normal PC boot process, ROM BIOS is active first
11.  DHTML stands for dynamic hyper text markup language
12.  Library management software is for documenting the changes that are made to program and controlling the version numbers of the programs
13.  A RAID is a disk array
14.  Virtual memory system allows the employment of the full address space
15.  The memory address sent from the CPU to the main memory over a set of wires is called address bus
16.  Telnet helps in remote login
17.  A database is an organized collection of data about a single entity
18.  The data in 8-bit bus is sent along 8 wires simultaneously in parallel
19.  Main protocol used on internet is TCP/IP
20.  Using HTML, Frontpage, DHTML we can make web-site
21.  EDO stands for external data organizer
22.  Table, form, queries, reports, macros, modules are objects in an access database
23.  X.21 protocol consists of only physical level
24.  Granting an outside organization accesses to internet web pages is often implemented using an extranet
25.  Control words are words that a programming language has set aside for its own use
26.  An image in a webpage can be aligned left and right using HTML coding
27.  Organization would prefer in-house development of software to ensure that the development adheres to defined quality
28.  Assembly language is low-level language
29.  Office LANs that are spread geographically apart on a large scale can be connected using a corporate WAN
30.  BCD stands for binary coded decimal
31.  CBT: Computer based training
32.  Crossbar switches have common control
33.  A collection of related files is called record.
34.  Pentium chip has 64 bit & 32-bit registers
35.  The computer’s secondary memory is characterized by low cost per bit stored
36.  Network components are connected to the same cable in the bus topology
37.  The place where the standard interfaces are provided to connect to the CPU and Memory is known as Port
38.  In a start topology, if there are n devices in network, each device has n-1
39.  Telephone number, zip code is defined as a numeric field
40.  TIF stands for tagged image format
41.  To avoid the wastage of memory, the instruction length should be of word size which is multiple of character size
42.  Assembler is a translator which translates assembly language program into a machine language program
43.  Microcomputer hardware consists of three basic categories of physical equipment system unit, input/output, memory
44.  The maximum and minimum unsigned number which can be stored in a 8-bit word is 0 and 255
45.  Jon Von Neumann developed stored-program concept
46.  Modifying algorithms that change the order of the elements, not their values, are also called modifying algorithms
47.  A 4-bit ring counter is initially loaded with 1001
48.  A program that converts a high-level language program to a set of instructions that can run on a computer is called a compiler
49.  Fiber optics cable supports data rate up to 100 Mbps to 2 Gbps
50.  Dialog control is a function of the presentation layer
51.  NFS stands for Network file system
52.  Trojan horse is self-replicating malicious code independent of the action of the user, but slow down the processor on entering a network
53.  Traversal process is faster for threaded trees compared with their unthreaded counterparts
54.  CMOS contains the computer BIOS and maintains its data with the use of a battery for periods when the system is powered down
55.  The base of the hexadecimal system is sixteen
56.  Checking that a pin code number is valid before it is entered into the system in an example of data validation
57.  The owner of a process is user that invokes the process
58.  ALU is a part of the CPU
59.  A character that retains its value during program execution is constants
60.  Bandwidth means channel capacity amount of data following via cables and measure of speed

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Software Engineering : Important concepts for IT Officer

Some questions from software engineering are always asked in IBPS IT officer exam  and other exams for Computer and IT Engineers like RRB.  Here will discuss only topics that are important for MCQ based exams.

Introduction
Software engineering is an approach for software development.  The small software can be made without following software engineering principles but to make bigger software companies follow some principles mentioned in software engineering.

As the readers of this article will be Engineers who have studied the whole subject regarding this topic, we will discuss only important topics and not the whole software engineering process.

Sliding Window Planning
As software project is of long term duration, its planning requires much care and attention. Any unrealistic time and resources estimates can result in slipping of schedule. The delays can cause customer's dissatisfaction and adversely affect reputation. To overcome this problem, project manager undertake project planning in stages.  This technique of staggered planning is known as sliding window planning. In this technique, starting from the initial plan, the project is planned more accurately in successive development stages.

Black Box Testing
To test the software we need to give too much data, and observe the results. Thus it's not possible to manually test software for various data sets. To solve the problem, 'Test Suite'  is designed to test a software.
In Black Box Testing,  test cases are designed from an examination of the input/output values only and no knowledge of design or code is required. Following are two main approaches of designing black box test case.
1. Equivalence class portioning
2. Boundary value analysis Equivalence Class Partitioning
The domain of input values is partitioned into a set of Equivalence classes. This Partitioning is done such that the behavior of the program is similar for every input data belonging to the same Equivalence class.
E. G.  To test a software that find a square of a number between 0 to 10000, we should test the software with three set of data.  One negative number, one number between 0 and 10000, and one number greater than 10000.

Boundary Value Analysis

Programming errors frequently occur at the boundaries of different Equivalence classes of input. The reasons behind such errors might be purely psychological as they often fail to see the special processing required at the input at boundaries.

Verification And Validation

Verification is the process if determining whether the output of software development conforms to that of its previous phase.
Validation is the process if determining whether a fully developed system conforms to its requirements.  Thus, while verification is concerned with phase containment of errors, the aim of validation is that final product is error free.

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

-Project Planning & Feasibility Study
-System Analysis & Definition of requirements
-System Design
-Implementation
-Integration and Testing
-Acceptance, Installation
-Maintenance

Waterfall Model
It's a sequential software development process, in which progress is seen as steadily downwards like a waterfall. Main phases involved are Conception, Initiation, Analysis,  Design, Construction, Testing and Maintenance.

Read Our Post on DBMS

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IBPS IT Officer One-Liners (Part 6)

1. Storage unit provide storage for information and instruction
2. Digital signature: Encrypted signature used for providing security for the messages/data transferred through the internet
3. Adder is a logic circuit capable of forming the sum of two or more quantities
4. Bubble sort technique does not use divide and conquer methodology
5. DBMS: An acronym for the database management system. A program that maintains and controls the access to collection of related information in electronic files
6. 80386 is a 32-bit processor
   
7. Acknowledgement from a computer that a packet of data has been received and verified is known as ACK
8. Small application programs that run on a Web page and may ensure a form is completed properly or provides animation are known as flash
9. A goal of normalization is to minimize the number of redundancy
10. Ada language is associated with real time processing
11. When we run a program in HTML coding, notepad is used as backend and internet explorer works as front end
12. Digital signals used in ISDN have discrete values
13. The most advanced form of ROM is electronically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM)
14. POST stands for power on self test
15. The clown command in UNIX changes home directory of a user
16. The part of a machine level instruction which tells the central processor what has to be done is an operation code
17. The environment provided to ASP is based on Client/server
18. Presentation layer of the OSI reference model is concerned with the syntax of data exchanged between application entities
19. Distributed operating system uses network facility
20. The term used as a measurement of a communication channel’s data capacity is bandwidth
21. A local storage register in the CPU which contains the address of the next instruction to be executed is referred as address register
22. RING topology is least affected by addition/remove of a node
23. The ability to combine data and operations on that data in a single unit is known as polymorphism
24. Virtual memory is memory on the hard disk that the CPU uses as an extended RAM.
25. In a SONET system, an add/drop multipliers removes noise from a signal and can also add/remove headers
26. A small computer program embedded within an HTML document when a user retrieves the web page from a web server is called an applet
    
27. Cycle-stealing type of DMA transfer will operate when a CPU is operating
28. The time between program input and outputs is called execution time
29. IMAP (Internet message access protocol)
30. Kernel of MS-DOS software resides in ROM
31. Data link layer of OSI reference model provides the service of error detection and control to the highest layer
32. RAM provides the quickest access to data
33. HUB is layer1 device, central device, dumb device
34. The scope of an identifier refers to where in the program an identifier is accessible
35. Cryptography: Method used to protect privacy and security on the internet
36. Secondary storage device is needed to store large volumes of data and programs that exceed the capacity of the main memory
37. System software often uses the ROM BIOS
38. X.21 is physical level standard for X.25
39. A router is a device that sites between your internal network and the internet and limits access into and out of your network based on your organization’s access policy
40. Usually security in a network is achieved by cryptography
41. Assembly language programs are written using Mnemonics
42. RDBMS is an acronym for relational database management system
43. The first network that initiated the internet was ARPANET
44. A data ware house is one that organizes important subject areas
45. In programming language, Null point is used to tell end of linked list
46. Steganography is hiding the data but not necessarily making it invisible and not easily detectable
47. Data processing cycle consists of input cycle, output cycle and processing cycle
48. The objective of multiprogramming operating system is to maximize CPU utilization
49. In a binary tree, each comparison is drawn as a circle, called a node
50. Dynamic binding is associated with object oriented programming

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Government Programmes : Education Related

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas (JNVs)

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas (JNVs) are a system of alternate schools for gifted students in India.  JNVs are fully residential and co-educational schools affiliated to CBSE, with classes from VI to XII standard.
JNVs are specifically tasked with finding talented children in rural areas of India and providing them with an education equivalent to the best residential school system, without regard to their family's socio-economic condition. JNVs exist all over India, with the exception of Tamil Nadu. There are approximately 589 JNVs across India.

Indira Gandhi National Tribal University

IGNTU, Amarkantak has been established by an Act of the Parliament of India. It came into existence by the Indira Gandhi National Tribal University Act, 2007 and came into action on July 2008.

Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission On Teachers And Teaching (PMMMNMTT)

PMMMNMTT will also empower teachers and faculty through training, re-training, refresher and orientation programmes in generic skills, pedagogic skills, discipline specific content up gradation, ICT and technology-enabled training and other appropriate interventions.

National Research Professorship (NRP)

The government of India had instituted the scheme of National Research Professorship in 1949 to honour distinguished academics and scholars in recognition of their contribution to knowledge. Persons of real eminence, who have attained the age of 65 years and have made outstanding contributions in their respective fields and are still capable of productive research, are considered for appointment as National Research Professors. The  appointment is made initially for a period of 5 years which is extendable by another term of five years. After completion of first term or the extended second term, an NRP is entitled to a life pension.

Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana (KVPY)

Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana (KVPY) is an on-going National Program of Fellowships in Basic Sciences, initiated and funded by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, to attract exceptionally talented and highly motivated students for pursuing basic science courses and research career in science.  It offers scholarship and contingency grants up to the pre-Ph.D. level to selected students. Started in 1999, it is administered by the Indian Institute of Science (IISc).
Selection of the students is made from those studying in XI standard to 1st year of any undergraduate Program in Basic Sciences namely B.Sc./B.S./B.Stat./B.Math./Int. M.Sc./M.S. in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Biology having an aptitude for scientific research.

Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan

Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS), launched in 2013 aims at providing strategic funding to eligible state higher educational institutions. The central funding (in the ratio of 65:35 for general category States and 90:10 for special category states) would be norm based and outcome dependent.  RUSA aims to provide equal development to all higher institutions and rectify weaknesses in the higher education system. Its target achievement is to raise the gross enrolment ratio to 32% by the end of XII Plan in 2017.

Women Scientists Programs

Women Scientists Scheme (WOS) by Department of Science and Technology (DST) is a scheme for providing opportunities to women scientists and technologists between the age group of 30-50 years who desire to return to mainstream science and work as bench-level scientists. Under this scheme, women scientists are being encouraged to pursue research in frontier areas of science and engineering, on problems of societal relevance and to take up S&T-based internship followed by self-employment.

The various categories of Scholarship available are indicated below:
- Scholarship for Research in Basic/Applied Science (WOS-A)
- Scholarship for Research in S&T - based Societal Programs (WOS-B)
- Internship for the Self-Employment (WOS-C)

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IBPS IT Officer Study Materials : One Liners (Part 5) with pdf

1.  DBRM takes care of storage of data in a database
2.  A co-processor is used to improve the speed of mathematical calculations
3.  Code segment register is where the microprocessor looks for instruction
4.  The instruction of a program which is currently being executed is stored in main memory
5.  In this processing, a number of jobs are put together and executed as a group batch processing
6.  Mainly memories are divided into two types they are logical memories and physical memories
7.  Negative numbers can be represented in signed binary form
8.  The mouse interrupts usually occur if the system uses a mouse port
9.  The ability to create new objects from existing objects is known as inheritance
10.  File transfer is the function of the application layer
11.  An E-R data model solves the problem of presenting huge information system data models is to users and developers
12.  30 pin SIMM’s, 72 pin SIMM’s, 168 pins DIMM’s types of RAM sockets can be seen on motherboards
    
13.  The most appropriate command to permanently remove all records from the current table is Zap
14.  A two-way selection in C++ is the if…else
15.  +12 V signal for disk drive is used for power supply
16.  A technique for searching special databases, called data warehouses, looking for related information and patterns is called data mining
17.  The scripts which are designed to receive value from Web users is CGI script
18.  The inner core of an optical fiber is glass and plastic in composition
19.  DIMM is not an I/O bus
20.  Front end processor relieves the host computer from tedious jobs and does them itself
21.  R-C coupling method is suitable for voltage amplification
22.  A proxy server is used to process client request for web pages
23.  E-R diagram represents relationship between entities of system
24.  Array is linear data structure
25.  First generation computers relied on machine language to perform operations, and they only solve one problem at a time
26.  A small amount of memory included in the processor for high-speed access is called cache
27.  A collection of related information sorted and dealt with as a unit is a file
28.  The OSI model consists of seven layers
29.  The “Nyquist theorem” specifies the minimum sampling rate to be twice the bandwidth of a signal
30.  FDM technique transmits analog signals
31.  FDDI access mechanism is similar to that of IEEE 802.5
32.  Magnetic surface recording devices used in computers such as hard disks, floppy disks, CD-ROMs are called secondary / auxiliary storage devices
33.  The sharing of a medium and its path by two or more devices is called multiplexing
34.  In linked list, the successive elements must occupy contiguous space in memory
35.  The maximum bandwidth of EISA bus is 33 M/sec
36.  The Power on self-test(POST) determines the amount of memory present, the date/time, and which communications ports and display adapters are installed in a microcomputer
37.  The extension of database file is given by db.
38.  The sound signal carried by telephone line is analog
39.  A computer system runs millions of cycles per second so that speed is measured in MHz
40.  Gateway uses the greatest number of layers in the OSI model
41.  Task pre-emption, task priority and semaphores are not needed by server program from an operation system
42.  A compiler cannot detect logical errors in source programs
43.  A virtual circuit is a physical connection between an endpoint and a switch or between two switches
44.  In HTML coding, the following attributes color, size, face used in font tag
45.  To identify particular location in storage area, we need an address
46.  Dumb Terminals: Hardware configuration consisting of a keyboard and monitor that is capable of sending and receiving information but has no memory or processing capabilities.
47.  BCD means binary coded decimal
48.  The addressing modes that can be used in a formula is/are- absolute, relative and mixed
49.  Manchester encoding is used in Ethernet technology
50.  In spite of the extra power needed for refreshing. DRAMs are widely used in computers because of its lower cost relatives to SRAMs

Always bear in mind that your own resolution to succeed is more important than any other. - Abraham Lincoln

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Government Initiatives : Women & Child Welfare

Janani Suraksha Yojana

JSY is a safe motherhood intervention under the National Rural Health Mission (NHM). It is being implemented with the objective of reducing maternal and neonatal mortality by promoting institutional delivery among poor pregnant women. Janani Suraksha Yojana was launched in April 2005 by modifying the National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS).

The initiative entitles all pregnant women delivering in public health institutions to absolutely free and no expense delivery, including caesarean section. The entitlements include free drugs and consumables, free diet up to 3 days during normal delivery and up to 7 days for C-section, free diagnostics, and free blood wherever required.

JSY is a 100% centrally sponsored scheme.  the states where there is a low rate of Institutional deliveries is classified as 'Low Performing States(LPS)' (the states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Assam, Rajasthan, Orissa and Jammu and Kashmir), whereas the remaining states are termed as High Performing States(HPS). Cash benefits to them are as under:

Rural Area

Category	Mother's package	ASHA's package	Total Package(in Rs.)
LPS	1400	600	2000
HPS	700	600	1300

Urban Area

Category	Mother's package	ASHA's package	Total Package(in Rs.)
LPS	1000	400	1400
HPS	600	400	1000

Accredited social health activists (ASHAs) is community health workers instituted by the government of India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) as part of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)

Government of India has also launched Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK) on 1st June, 2011.

Which Entitles free treatment for pregnant women and Sick newborns till 30 days after birth.

Ujjawala Scheme

The objective of the scheme is to prevent trafficking of women and children for commercial sexual exploitation through social mobilization and involvement of local communities, awareness generation programmes.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) Scheme / Education for All Movement

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is Government of India's flagship programme for achievement of Universalization of Elementary Education (UEE) in a time bound manner, as mandated by 86th amendment to the Constitution of India making free and compulsory Education to the Children of 6-14 years age group, a Fundamental Right.

SSA is being implemented in partnership with State Governments to cover the entire country and address the needs of 192 million children in 1.1 million habitations. The programme seeks to open new schools in those habitations which do not have schooling facilities and strengthen existing school infrastructure through provision of additional class rooms, toilets, drinking water, maintenance grant and school improvement grants.

SSA has a special focus on girl's education and children with special needs. SSA also seeks to provide computer education to bridge the digital divide. The Right to Education Act (RTE) came into force on 1 April 2010. Some educationists and policy makers believe that, with the passing of this act, SSA has acquired the necessary legal force for its implementation

Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP)

• STEP scheme aims to increase the self-reliance and autonomy of women by enhancing their productivity and enabling them to take up income generaion activities.

•  It provides training for skill upgraduation to poor and assetless women in the traditional sector  for income generation. Sectors include agriculture, animal husbandry, dairying, fisheries, handlooms, handicrafts,khadi and village industries sericulture, social forestry and wasteland development. 90% of the project cost is given by central Govt. of India and 10% to be borne by the implementing agency

Swadhar Scheme – For Women in Difficult Circumstances

Swadhar is a scheme for providing holistic and integrated services to women  in difficult circumstances such as destitute widows, women prisoners released from jail and without family support, women survivors of  natural disasters; trafficked women/girls  rescued from brothels or other places or victims of sexual crime, mentally challenged women who are without any support etc.  The package  of services made available include provision for food, clothing, shelter, health care, counselling and legal support, social and economic rehabilitation.

The scheme is implemented through voluntary organisations including Department of Women and Child Development and Social Welfare, Boards, State Women's Development Corporation, urban bodies etc., provided they have the required experience and expertise in the rehabilitation of such women.

Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS)

Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) is a centrally sponsored scheme aimed at building a protective environment for children in difficult circumstances, as well as other vulnerable children, through Government-Civil Society Partnership. ICPS brings together multiple existing child protection schemes of the Ministry  under one comprehensive umbrella, and integrates additional interventions for protecting children and preventing harm.

• The specific objectives ICPS scheme are:

- To strengthen child protection at family and community level

- To coordinate and network with government institutions and non-government institutions to ensure effective implementation of the scheme

- To raise public awareness about child rights, child vulnerability and child protection services.

Sabla - Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG)

Sabla is a centrally sponsored program of Government of India initiated on April 1, 2011 under Ministry of Women and Child Development. Sabla is centrally sponsored scheme, implemented through the State Governments/UTs with 100% financial assistance from the Central Government for all inputs, except nutrition provision for which Government of India will share upto the extent of 50% of the financial norms or the actual expenditure incurred, whichever is less.

The program would cover adolescent girls 11–18 years old under all ICDS projects in selected 200 districts in all states/UTs in the country. The target group would be subdivided into 11-15 and 15–18 years.

The objectives of Sabla scheme are:

- Enable the Adolescent girls for self-development and empowerment

- Improve their nutrition and health status.

- Promote awareness about health, hygiene, nutrition, adolescent reproductive and sexual health (ARSH) and family and child care.

- Upgrade home-based skills, life skills and integrate with the National Skill Development Program (NSDP) for vocational skills.

- Mainstream out of school adolescent girls into formal/non formal education.

- Provide information/guidance about existing public services such as PHC, CHC, Post Office, Bank, Police Station, etc.

Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY)

Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY),Conditional Maternity Benefit (CMB) for pregnant and lactating  women to improve their health and nutrition status to better enabling environment by providing cash incentives to pregnant and nursing mothers. It is a conditional cash transfer scheme for pregnant and lactating women of 19 years of age or above for first two live births. It provides a partial wage compensation to women for wage-loss during childbirth and childcare and to provide conditions for safe delivery and good nutrition and feeding practices.

In 2013, the scheme was brought under National Food Security Act, 2013 to implement the provision of cash maternity benefit of Rs. 6000 stated in the Act. Presently, the scheme is implemented on a pilot basis in 53 selected districts and proposals are under consideration to scale it up to 200 additional 'high burden districts' in 2015-16

Also Refer to our article in same category of Schemes Launched By PM Modi to read
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme,  Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana

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Government Schemes: Employment & Skill Development With PDF

National Skill Development Corporation

National Skill Development Corporation India (NSDC) was setup as a one of its kind, Public Private Partnership Company with the primary mandate of catalysing the skills landscape in India.

• NSDC operates through partnerships with multiple stakeholders in catalysing and evolving the skilling ecosystem.

• NSDC is a unique model created with a well thought through underlying philosophy based on the following pillars:

1. Create: Proactively catalyse creation of large, quality vocational training institutions.

2. Fund: Reduce risk by providing patient capital. Including grants and equity.

3. Enable: the creation and sustainability of support systems required for skill development. This includes the Industry led Sector Skill Councils.

• The main objectives of the NSDC are to:

1. Upgrade skills to international standards through significant industry involvement and develop necessary frameworks for standards, curriculum and quality assurance

2. Enhance, support and coordinate private sector initiatives for skill development through appropriate Public-Private Partnership (PPP) models; strive for significant operational and financial involvement from the private sector

3. Play the role of a "market-maker" by bringing financing, particularly in sectors where market mechanisms are ineffective or missing

4. Prioritize initiatives that can have a multiplier or catalytic effect as opposed to one-off impact.

Ref http://www.nsdcindia.org/faqs

MGNREGA Scheme

MGNREGA ( Mahatma Gandhi National rural employment guarantee act) is designed to provide job guarantee for at least 100 days in rural parts of the country.  Through this scheme , all the adult members ( at least 18 years of age) of the any family in rural part of the country are given non-skilled work. Another aim of MGNREGA is to create durable assets (such as roads, canals, ponds, wells). Employment is to be provided within 5 km of an applicant's residence, and minimum wages are to be paid.

The MGNREGA Act was notified in 200 district in the first phase with effect from 2 february 2006 and then extended to an additional 130 district in 2007-08. The act has been notified throughout the country with effect from 1 april,2008.  The statute is hailed by the government as "the largest and most ambitious social security and public works programme in the world". World Development Report 2014 has described the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act as a "stellar example of rural development".  World Bank's annual report credits the government's flagship rural employment programme for not just unleashing a "revolution in rural India" but establishing a model of inclusive development.

Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Shramev Jayate

• Union government on 16 October 2014 launched Deendayal Upadhyay Shramev Jayate Karyakram. The scheme is aimed at creating conducive environment for industrial development and doing business with ease. Labours will be provided Unique Labour Identification number, Local Interconnect Network, to facilitate their online registration.

• Unified Labour Portal (Shram Suvidha) and a Transparent & Accountable Labour Inspection Scheme to facilitate ease of compliance. It features Portability through Universal Account Number for Employees’ Provident Fund Account Holders and  Implementation of Revamped Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) for the workers in the unorganized sector.

Financial Assistance for Skill Training of PWD

• Financial Assistance for Skill Training of Persons with Disabilities (PWD)  Scheme aims at providing financial assistance for skill training for persons with disabilities.

• As an endeavour to encourage women, 30% of the total intake of each training program shall be earmarked for women candidates. The scheme will operate through training institutions recognised by this Department as per the eligibility conditions contained in this scheme

• Training Cost : An all inclusive training cost of Rs.5,000/- per trainee per month shall be provided for the entire duration of the training. For example, if a training program of three months duration is undertaken, the training cost payable would be Rs.15,000/- per trainee. Training cost of a part of the month will be calculated proportionately.

• Stipend for trainees: The trainees will be entitled to a stipend of Rs.2000/- per month for hostellers and Rs.1000/- per month for non-hostellers.

• Cost of Transport: The trainees will be entitled to a transport allowance of Rs.500/- per month for hostellers and Rs.1500/- per month for non-hostellers.

Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana - DAY

The goverment on 25-September-2014  announced scheme for uplift of urban and rural poor through enhancement of livelihood opportunities through skill development and other means.  Rs.1,000 cr has been provisioned for urban poverty alleviation during 2014-15. Out of this, Rs.500 cr will be spent on skill development of over 5,00,000 urban poor. Shri M.Venkaiah Naidu (Minister of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation) said, for realizing the ‘Make in India’ objective, skill development is essential. He observed that “If India is to emerge as the manufacturing base to meet global needs, the only certain way is to empower every youth of the country with the necessary skills.

DAY will focus on:

1.Imparting skills with an expenditure of Rs.15,000 – Rs.18,000 on each urban poor;

2.Promotion of self-employment through setting up individual micro-enterprises and group enterprises with interest subsidy for individual projects costing Rs.2.00 lakhs and Rs.10.00 lakhs for group enterprises. Subsidized interest rate will be 7%;

3.Training urban poor to meet the huge demand from urban citizens by imparting market oriented skills through City Livelihood Centres. Each Centre would be given a capital grant of Rs.10.00 lakhs.

4.Enabling urban poor form Self-Help Groups for meeting financial and social needs with a support of Rs.10,000/- per each group who would in turn would be helped with bank linkages;

5. Development of vendor markets besides promotion of skills of vendors; and

6. Construction of permanent shelters for urban homeless and provision of other essential services.

Employees' Provident Fund Organisation

• Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO),  is a statutory body of the Government of India under the Ministry of Labour and Employment. It administers a compulsory contributory Provident Fund Scheme, Pension Scheme and an Insurance Scheme. Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 came into effect on 4 March 1952. The organisation is administered by a Central Board of Trustees, composed of representatives of the Government of India, provincial governments, employers and employees.

• It is one of the largest social security organisations in India in terms of the number of covered beneficiaries and the volume of financial transactions undertaken. On 1 October 2014, Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi launched universal account number for Employees covered by EPFO to enabled PF number portability.

National Pension System

National Pension System (NPS) is a defined-contribution pension system operated by the Government of India. In 2004, the Government of India decided to move from a defined-benefit pension system to a defined-contribution pension system. The scheme is structured in two tiers. A tier-1 account is a basic retirement pension account available to all citizens from 1 May 2009. It does not permit withdrawal of funds before retirement.

A tier-2 account is a Prospective payment system (PPS) account that permits some withdrawal of pension prior to retirement under exceptional circumstances, usually related to the provision of health care. NPS is open to all citizens of India between the ages of 18 and 60 on a voluntary basis. It is mandatory for central government employees appointed on or after 1 January 2004, except for members of the armed forces, to have a tier-1 NPS pension.

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